PV Gap

Frank Said:

how can i make solar panels from scratch not buying cells making them?

We Answered:

You can't. Solar cells are semiconductors and require special equipment and materials to make. Million dollar machines and ultra-pure raw materials and a clean room in which to do the work.

Now if you just want a water heater, not electricity, you can just attach some loops of copper pipe to big sheets of metal painted black and run water through it with a small pump.

Yvonne Said:

where can I buy materials to make solar cells?

We Answered:

Well, efficient solar cells require that you grow silicon wafers which means expensive vacuum chambers and vapour deposition of appropriately doped silicon. Even amorphous solar cells requires the deposition of silicon though achieving pure crystals isn't as important. You could purchase ruined batches of silicon wafers and polish off the traces to form solar cells but companies are already doing that.

You can make an inefficient solar cell from cuprous oxide, basically by heating copper. The voltage and current generated will be so low that you'll never be able to wire them up to get enough usable voltage and current from them but that won't stop idiots from trying. It's basically only useful to demonstrate the concept of photovoltaics.

A better demonstratioin would be to make solar cells from donuts and tea. It turns out that commercially made powdered donuts have Titanium Oxide particles to stretch out the powdered sugar much in the same way that sand is used in powdered hot chocolate and in powdered dishwashing detergent. These are the same particles used in paint and in sunblock but it's easiest to extract them from donuts. Titanium Oxide is a semiconductor and hence can be used to make solar cells, there has been a lot of work to make a solar paint. Essentially, you have to separate the Titanium Oxide from the powdered sugar and create layers of Titanium Oxide and an electrolyte between conductive electrodes.

You'll note that both methods involve semi-conductors. This is not chemistry, this is physics so the way you've worded your question shows that you have a lot to learn.